{"id":1676,"date":"2021-01-15T21:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-15T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=1676"},"modified":"2025-02-01T16:01:08","modified_gmt":"2025-02-01T16:01:08","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%ad%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=1676","title":{"rendered":"Article 02 Issue 01 VOL 02 January 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Title: <\/strong>
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627<\/strong><\/h1><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/strong>
\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>
\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/h1><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u061b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634. \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\/\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\/\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631.. \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a.. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f.<\/bdo><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Keywords:<\/strong><\/h1><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/bdo><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

How to Cite this Paper:<\/strong><\/strong><\/h1><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062d. (2202). \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627<\/strong>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629<\/em> \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0633\u060c 2<\/em>(1)\u060c 22-83<\/strong><\/bdo><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/strong><\/h1><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f.(0102). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635. \u06371. \u0641\u0627\u0633\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0633.
\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633.(3791). \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a. \u06372. \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.
\u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641.(0102). \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u06371. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\/\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646.
\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f. (2002). \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644.\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u06291. \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a-\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646.
\u0628\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645.(3991). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u06371. \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.
\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645. 5102). \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f71. \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 5102.
\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643- \u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646-\u0633\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646- \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646.(0002). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0644\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u06371. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.
\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648. \u0636\u0645\u0646: \u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0644.(2991). \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629.
\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0627\u062c\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0631\u062b \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629.(3102). \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u06371. \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\/\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646.
\u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649.(4991). \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u06371. \u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0633\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.
\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f.(7002). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629. \u06372. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.
\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f.(2002). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\/\u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.
\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646.(0002). \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.
\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f.(3791). \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629
\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646.(9102). \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0641. \u06371. \u0637\u0646\u062c\u0629\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629.
 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f.(6891). \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.
\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629.(8102). \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627. \u06371. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629.
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646.(4791). \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u06371. \u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0633\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0633.
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646.(4991). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u06371. \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u0633\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.
 .(2002). \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629). \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a(\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627). \u06371. \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646.
 .(4102). \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d(\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a). \u06371. \u0637\u0646\u062c\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629.
\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a.(3002). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a. \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a(\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u062c\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a). \u06371. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\/\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628.
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/bdo><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Albin, M. (2007). Aufondement des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s humaines. ce que nous apprend l’anthropologie. <\/em>1Ed. Paris.  Godelier Maurice<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Copyright for all articles published in ATRAS <\/strong>belongs to the author. The authors also grant permission to the publisher to publish, reproduce, distribute, and transmit the articles. ATRAS <\/strong>publishes accepted papers under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License. Authors submitting papers for publication in ATRAS <\/strong>agree to apply the CC BY-NC 4.0 license to their work. For non-commercial purposes, anyone may copy, redistribute material, remix, transform, and construct material in any media or format, provided that the terms of the license are observed and the original source is properly cited.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1282,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[228],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vol-02-n01-2021"],"gutentor_comment":0,"yoast_head":"\nArticle 02 Issue 01 VOL 02 January 2021 - ATRAS journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=1676\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=1676\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ATRAS journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/p\/ATRAS-journal-100083161450894\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-01-15T21:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-02-01T16:01:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/plume-article-02-300x300-1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"atras\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/plume-article-02-300x300-1.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"atras\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=1676#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=1676\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"atras\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/ad5e6fcff0b37638480b00e92868cd64\"},\"headline\":\"Article 02 Issue 01 VOL 02 January 2021\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-15T21:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-02-01T16:01:08+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=1676\"},\"wordCount\":139,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=1676#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/plume-article-02-300x300-1.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Vol 02 N01 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