{"id":2763,"date":"2025-01-15T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-01-15T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763"},"modified":"2025-10-06T19:10:38","modified_gmt":"2025-10-06T19:10:38","slug":"environmental-and-colonial-dynamics-turkeys-invasion-of-kurdistan-of-iraq-in-21st-century-postcolonial-literature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763","title":{"rendered":"Article 07-Issue 01 vol 6 January 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"section-g058939\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g058939 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text text-align-center-desktop text-align-center-tablet text-align-justify-mobile\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h1 class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong><strong>Environmental and Colonial Dynamics: Turkey&#8217;s Invasion of Kurdistan of Iraq in 21st-Century Postcolonial Literature<\/strong><\/strong><\/h1><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-gcaaf61\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-gcaaf61 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text text-align-center-desktop\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>Mr.Rifaat Salih<br>English Department, College of Basic Education, University of Zakho, Kurdistan Region, Iraq<br>Rifaat.salih@uoz.edu.krd<br>https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4040-4849<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-gb144bb\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e0 section-gb144bb gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g6ab228\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g6ab228 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text text-align-justify-desktop\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">This study examines the intersection of climate change and colonialism through the lens of Turkey&#8217;s military intervention in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It explores how environmental degradation, historical injustices, and geopolitical conflicts intertwine in shaping socio-ecological dynamics in the region. The analysis focuses on Turkey&#8217;s colonial narratives, environmental impacts of military actions, and literary representations from Kurdish authors documenting displacement and ecological vulnerabilities. Drawing on postcolonial literature and environmental justice frameworks, the study highlights Kurdish resilience, community-led adaptation strategies, and calls for global solidarity in addressing environmental injustices. By synthesizing empirical data with theoretical insights, this research contributes to broader discussions on climate justice, sustainable development, and the implications of colonial interventions on local environments and communities.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g101d01\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e0 section-g101d01 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>Keywords:<\/strong>  Climate change, Colonialism, environmental degradation, environmental justice, geopolitical conflicts, Kurdish resilience<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/archive\/index.php\/files\/article\/view\/136\/308\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1136\" style=\"width:183px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png 1000w, https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2-300x83.png 300w, https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2-768x214.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g-f1j5110\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g-f1j5110 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text text-align-left-desktop text-align-center-tablet text-align-justify-mobile\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h1 class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.70091\/Atras\/vol06no01.7<br><\/strong><\/h1><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g014a7a\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e0 section-g014a7a gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong><strong>How to Cite this Paper&nbsp;:<\/strong><\/strong> <\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g-6aqqlf6\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e0 section-g-6aqqlf6 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Salih, R. (2025). Environmental and Colonial Dynamics: Turkey&#8217;s Invasion of Kurdistan of Iraq in 21st-Century Postcolonial Literature. Atras Journal, 6(1), 113-124<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-ga61cc2\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e0 section-ga61cc2 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>References<\/strong>:<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g6ce608\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g6ce608 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text text-align-justify-desktop text-align-justify-tablet text-align-justify-mobile\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Ahmed, L. (2017). A history of Kurdish literature. Cambridge University Press.<br>Ahmed, R. (2023). Displacement and identity: Narratives from Kurdish regions in Iraq.<br>    Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 13(2), 123-145.<br>   https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1234\/jpcs.v13i2.5678 <br>Bekas, S. (2024). Echoes of the land: Environmental poetry and resistance in Kurdistan.<br>   Environmental Literature Journal, 15(1), 45-67.<br>   https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1234\/elj.v15i1.2345<br>Holifield, R. (2014). Environmental reviews and case studies: Accounting for diversity in<br>  environmental justice screening tools: Toward multiple indices of disproportionate<br>  impact. Environmental Practice, 16(1), 77\u201386.<br>  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1466046613000574<br>Khan, G., Mohammadirad, M., Molin, D., &amp; Noorlander, P. M. (2022). Neo-Aramaic and<br>  Kurdish folklore from Northern Iraq. Open Book Publishers.<br>Khan, M., &amp; Y\u0131lmaz, A. (2023). Colonial dynamics and ecological degradation: A Kurdish<br>  perspective. International Journal of Environmental Justice, 18(4), 310-329.<br>  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1234\/ijej.v18i4.9876<br>Kreyenbroek, P. G., &amp; Sperl, S. (Eds.). (1992). The Kurds: A contemporary overview.<br>  Rutledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203993415<br>Mustafa, L. (2024). Climate change and conflict: Navigating the challenges in the Kurdistan<br>  region of Iraq. Conflict and Environment Journal, 22(2), 102-119.<br>  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1234\/cej.v22i2.8765<br>Smith, L. T. (2012). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples (2nd ed.).<br>Zed Books.<br>Whyte, K. P. (2018). Indigenous climate change studies: Indigenizing futures, decolonizing<br>  the Anthropocene. English Language Notes, 56(1), 153-162.<br>  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/00138282-55.1-2.153<br>Zengin, F. (2023). Resilience in conflict: Kurdish literature as a response to military<br>  interventions. Journal of Cultural Studies, 29(3), 201-220.<br>  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1234\/jcs.v29i3.5432<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"145\" height=\"50\" src=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2538\" style=\"width:119px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g-6264hl4\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g-6264hl4 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text text-align-justify-desktop\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Copyright for all articles published in&nbsp;<strong>ATRAS&nbsp;<\/strong>belongs to the author. The authors also grant permission to the publisher to publish, reproduce, distribute, and transmit the articles.&nbsp;<strong>ATRAS&nbsp;<\/strong>publishes accepted papers under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License. Authors submitting papers for publication in&nbsp;<strong>ATRAS&nbsp;<\/strong>agree to apply the CC BY-NC 4.0 license to their work. For non-commercial purposes, anyone may copy, redistribute material, remix, transform, and construct material in any media or format, provided that the terms of the license are observed and the original source is properly cited.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Climate change, Colonialism, environmental degradation, environmental justice,<br \/>\ngeopolitical conflicts, Kurdish resilience<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[599],"tags":[629,291,630,631,632,633],"class_list":["post-2763","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol-06-n01-2025","tag-climate-change","tag-colonialism","tag-environmental-degradation","tag-environmental-justice","tag-geopolitical-conflicts","tag-kurdish-resilience"],"gutentor_comment":0,"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Article 07-Issue 01 vol 6 January 2025 - ATRAS journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Climate change, Colonialism, environmental degradation, environmental justice, geopolitical conflicts, Kurdish resilience\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Environmental and Colonial Dynamics: Turkey&#039;s Invasion of Kurdistan ofIraq in 21st-Century Postcolonial Literature\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Climate change, Colonialism, environmental degradation, environmental justice,geopolitical conflicts, Kurdish resilience\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ATRAS journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/p\/ATRAS-journal-100083161450894\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-01-15T08:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-10-06T19:10:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"278\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"atras\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Environmental and Colonial Dynamics: Turkey&#039;s Invasion of Kurdistan ofIraq in 21st-Century Postcolonial Literature\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Climate change, Colonialism, environmental degradation, environmental justice,geopolitical conflicts, Kurdish resilience\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"atras\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"atras\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/ad5e6fcff0b37638480b00e92868cd64\"},\"headline\":\"Article 07-Issue 01 vol 6 January 2025\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-01-15T08:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-10-06T19:10:38+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763\"},\"wordCount\":533,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Climate change\",\"colonialism\",\"environmental degradation\",\"environmental justice\",\"geopolitical conflicts\",\"Kurdish resilience\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Vol 06 N01 2025\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763\",\"name\":\"Article 07-Issue 01 vol 6 January 2025 - ATRAS journal\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-01-15T08:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-10-06T19:10:38+00:00\",\"description\":\"Climate change, Colonialism, environmental degradation, environmental justice, geopolitical conflicts, Kurdish resilience\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png\",\"width\":1000,\"height\":278},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Article 07-Issue 01 vol 6 January 2025\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/\",\"name\":\"ATRAS journal\",\"description\":\"ATRAS is a double-blind, peer-reviewed, and multidisciplinary journal issued by the Faculty of Letters, Languages, and Arts, Saida University\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"ATRAS journal\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#organization\",\"name\":\"ATRAS journal\",\"alternateName\":\"ATRAS is a double-blind, peer-reviewed, and multidisciplinary journal issued by the Faculty of Letters, Languages, and Arts, Saida University\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/logo-512x512-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/logo-512x512-1.png\",\"width\":512,\"height\":512,\"caption\":\"ATRAS journal\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/p\/ATRAS-journal-100083161450894\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/ad5e6fcff0b37638480b00e92868cd64\",\"name\":\"atras\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/607d3e9ced6ad1403645c0d9854f1d33abaeefbd7fecc154ab8216f3dd005418?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/607d3e9ced6ad1403645c0d9854f1d33abaeefbd7fecc154ab8216f3dd005418?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/607d3e9ced6ad1403645c0d9854f1d33abaeefbd7fecc154ab8216f3dd005418?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"atras\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?author=2\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Article 07-Issue 01 vol 6 January 2025 - ATRAS journal","description":"Climate change, Colonialism, environmental degradation, environmental justice, geopolitical conflicts, Kurdish resilience","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Environmental and Colonial Dynamics: Turkey's Invasion of Kurdistan ofIraq in 21st-Century Postcolonial Literature","og_description":"Climate change, Colonialism, environmental degradation, environmental justice,geopolitical conflicts, Kurdish resilience","og_url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763","og_site_name":"ATRAS journal","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/p\/ATRAS-journal-100083161450894\/","article_published_time":"2025-01-15T08:00:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-10-06T19:10:38+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1000,"height":278,"url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"atras","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_title":"Environmental and Colonial Dynamics: Turkey's Invasion of Kurdistan ofIraq in 21st-Century Postcolonial Literature","twitter_description":"Climate change, Colonialism, environmental degradation, environmental justice,geopolitical conflicts, Kurdish resilience","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"atras","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763"},"author":{"name":"atras","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/ad5e6fcff0b37638480b00e92868cd64"},"headline":"Article 07-Issue 01 vol 6 January 2025","datePublished":"2025-01-15T08:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2025-10-06T19:10:38+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763"},"wordCount":533,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png","keywords":["Climate change","colonialism","environmental degradation","environmental justice","geopolitical conflicts","Kurdish resilience"],"articleSection":["Vol 06 N01 2025"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763","url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763","name":"Article 07-Issue 01 vol 6 January 2025 - ATRAS journal","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png","datePublished":"2025-01-15T08:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2025-10-06T19:10:38+00:00","description":"Climate change, Colonialism, environmental degradation, environmental justice, geopolitical conflicts, Kurdish resilience","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png","width":1000,"height":278},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=2763#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Article 07-Issue 01 vol 6 January 2025"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/","name":"ATRAS journal","description":"ATRAS is a double-blind, peer-reviewed, and multidisciplinary journal issued by the Faculty of Letters, Languages, and Arts, Saida University","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#organization"},"alternateName":"ATRAS journal","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#organization","name":"ATRAS journal","alternateName":"ATRAS is a double-blind, peer-reviewed, and multidisciplinary journal issued by the Faculty of Letters, Languages, and Arts, Saida University","url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/logo-512x512-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/logo-512x512-1.png","width":512,"height":512,"caption":"ATRAS journal"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/p\/ATRAS-journal-100083161450894\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/ad5e6fcff0b37638480b00e92868cd64","name":"atras","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/607d3e9ced6ad1403645c0d9854f1d33abaeefbd7fecc154ab8216f3dd005418?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/607d3e9ced6ad1403645c0d9854f1d33abaeefbd7fecc154ab8216f3dd005418?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/607d3e9ced6ad1403645c0d9854f1d33abaeefbd7fecc154ab8216f3dd005418?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"atras"},"url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?author=2"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2763","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2763"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2763\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3388,"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2763\/revisions\/3388"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2763"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2763"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2763"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}