{"id":3468,"date":"2025-07-15T20:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-07-15T20:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3468"},"modified":"2025-12-10T19:08:23","modified_gmt":"2025-12-10T19:08:23","slug":"article-13-issue-02-vol-6-july-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3468","title":{"rendered":"Article 13 Issue 02 vol 6 July 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"section-geb5931\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-geb5931 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text text-align-center-desktop text-align-center-tablet text-align-justify-mobile\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><h2 class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>Title: Representations of Yoruba Political History in Drama and their Implications for Yoruba Nationalism<\/strong><\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-gac8230\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-gac8230 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text text-align-center-desktop\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>Azeez Akinwumi Sesan<br>Department of Theatre Arts, Osun State University, Nigeria<\/strong><br><strong><a href=\"mailto:azeez.sesan@uiosun.edu.ng\">azeez.sesan@uiosun.edu.ng<\/a><\/strong><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-7157\">https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-7157<\/a><\/strong><br><strong>Sanjo Isaac Ilori<br>Department of Theatre Arts, Osun State University, Nigeria<sup>\u00a0<\/sup><br><a href=\"mailto:sanjoisaacilori@gmail.com\">sanjoisaacilori@gmail.com<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9312-2482\">https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9312-2482<\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g656699\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e0 section-g656699 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g92b167\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g92b167 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text text-align-justify-desktop\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">The political history of modern Yoruba society is replete with ancient civil wars that nearly tore apart the entire Yoruba nation. The significance of these wars lies in how their understanding and reinterpretation have influenced and reshaped certain cultural epistemes of Yoruba identity, as represented in cultural products such as drama and film. Playwrights of Yoruba extraction have published a considerable number of dramatic texts on Yoruba political history and civil wars. However, only a few of these playwrights go beyond merely chronicling events as they occurred in the past; most do not attempt to reinterpret these incidents to foster a robust Yoruba national consciousness. This paper, therefore, critiques two dramatic texts\u2014Adebayo Faleti\u2019s <em>Bas\u1ecd\u0300run G\u00e1\u00e0<\/em> and Wale Ogunyemi\u2019s <em>Kiriji<\/em>\u2014because of their relevance to discourses on the quest for internal cohesion within the Yoruba ethnic group. The study finds that the genesis of Yoruba internal crises, which eventually culminated in the civil wars, can be traced to the mismanaged euphoria that followed the Abiodun-Gaa power tussle in the Old Oyo Empire. <em>Kiriji<\/em>, on the other hand, reveals that the last major Yoruba civil war\u2014the Ekiti-Parapo War\u2014ended only physically at the battlefronts, with little effort made to reconcile the underlying issues that led to the conflict. Although Yoruba playwrights have taken significant steps to document these civil wars, they could make a greater impact by infusing their works with creative reinterpretations of these historical events, thereby contributing to the broader project of Yoruba nationalism.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g33472e\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e0 section-g33472e gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>Keywords:<\/strong>  Ekiti-Parapo War, war and peace in Yorubaland, Yoruba civil wars, Yoruba historical drama, Yoruba nationalism<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/archive\/index.php\/files\/article\/view\/208\/249\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1136\" style=\"width:183px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png 1000w, https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2-300x83.png 300w, https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2-768x214.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g03e6f3\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e0 section-g03e6f3 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong><strong>How to Cite this Paper&nbsp;:<\/strong><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g0ad6aa\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g0ad6aa gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text text-align-justify-desktop text-align-justify-tablet text-align-justify-mobile\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Sesan, A. A., &amp; Ilori, S. I. (2025). Representations of Yoruba Political History in Drama and their Implications for Yoruba Nationalism. <em>Atras Journal<\/em>,\u00a0 <em>6<\/em> (2),\u00a0 202-219.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g-xxoep8i\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g-xxoep8i gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text text-align-justify-desktop text-align-justify-tablet text-align-justify-mobile\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>DOI:\u00a0<br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.70091\/Atras\/vol06no01.1\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.70091\/Atras\/vol06no02.13\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.70091\/Atras\/vol06no02.13<\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-gab90ba\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e0 section-gab90ba gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\"><strong>References<\/strong>:<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-gd112da\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-gd112da gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text text-align-justify-desktop text-align-justify-tablet text-align-justify-mobile\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Abimbola, A. (2008). Progressive unions and the competition for community development in Nigeria: A study of Ifon, Ilobu and Erin Progressive Unions, 1940\u20131970. <em>African Study Monographs, 29<\/em>(2), 51\u201372.<br>Ajayi, A. J. F., &amp; Smith, R. (1971). <em>Yoruba warfare in the 19th century<\/em>. Ibadan University Press.<br>Akinjogbin, I. A. (1977). <em>History and nation building<\/em>. Obafemi Awolowo University Press.<br>Akintoye, S. A. (1971). <em>Revolution and power politics in Yorubaland, 1840\u20131893: The expansion of Ibadan and the rise of the Ekitiparapo<\/em>. Longman.<br>Akinyemi, A. (2010). History and literary creation: The re-enactment of the nineteenth-century Yoruba Ijaye wars in dramaturgy. In N. Afolabi (Ed.), <em>Toyin Falola: The man, the mask, the muse<\/em> (pp.\u202f821\u2013840). Carolina Academic Press.<br>Atanda, J. A. (1980). <em>An introduction to Yoruba history<\/em>. Ibadan University Press.<br>Awe, B. (1964). <em>The rise of Ibadan as a Yoruba power: 1851\u20131893<\/em> (D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford).<br>Balogun, A. S. (2011). Ogedengbe Agbogungboro of Ilesa: A 19th-century Yoruba warlord. In S. Oyeweso (Ed.), <em>Ijesa icons and the making of modern Nigeria: Essays in honour of Ogbeni Rauf Adesoji Aregbesola<\/em> (pp.\u202f3\u201312). College of Humanities and Culture, Osun State University.<br>Derrida, J. (1992). Structure, sign and play in the discourse of the human sciences. In P. Rice &amp; P. Waugh (Eds.), <em>Modern literary theory: A reader<\/em> (pp.\u202f149\u2013165). Edward Arnold.<br>Faleti, A. (1976). <em>Bashorun Gaa<\/em>. Onibonoje Press.<br>Faleti, A. (2021). Al\u00e1\u00e0finology: The ideology and epistemology of kingship. In S. Oyeweso &amp; O. C. Adesina (Eds.), <em>Oyo: History, tradition and royalty<\/em> (pp.\u202f1\u201390). Ibadan University Press.<br>Falola, T. (2017). <em>The collected works of J. A. Atanda<\/em>. Pan-African University.<br>Falola, T., &amp; Oguntomisin, D. (2009). <em>The military in nineteenth-century Yoruba politics<\/em>. University of Ife Press.<br>Johnson, S. (2008). <em>The history of the Yorubas<\/em>. CMS Bookshops.<br>Leshem, O., &amp; Halperin, E. (2020). Lay theories of peace and their influence on policy preference during violent conflict. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117<\/em>, Article 202005928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2005928117<br>Levi-Strauss, C. (1972). <em>Structural anthropology<\/em>. Penguin Books.<br>Ogunyemi, T. (2015). <em>Ibadan Empire: Republicanism in a pre-colonial African nation<\/em>. Rasmed Publications.<br>Ogunyemi, W. (1976). <em>Kiriji<\/em>. African Universities Press.<br>Olomola, I. (2005). <em>Ekitiparapo aspirations since 1890s<\/em>. Andkolad Ventures.<br>Oluwafemi, B. L. (2023). The causes and origins of the Ekiiti-Paraapo War. <em>Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics, 3<\/em>(2), 67\u201376.<br>Oyeweso, S. (2012, September\u202f22\u201323). <em>The Kiriji war saga: The issues, the aftermath and the prospects<\/em>. Keynote address at the 126th Anniversary of the Kiriji War, Osun State Ministry of Home Affairs, Culture &amp; Tourism (In collaboration with Kiriji War Heritage Council).<br>Sesan, A. A. (2017). <em>Historiography and cultural meaning in drama and video films of English and Yoruba expression<\/em> (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Ibadan.<br>Soetan, S. O. (2005). <em>Studies in Ekiti history part ll<\/em>. Majab Printer.<br>Umukoro, M. M. (2011). <em>The art of scholarship and the scholarship of art: A collection of critical essays<\/em>. Ibadan University Printery.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"145\" height=\"50\" src=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2538\" style=\"width:119px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"section-g-6264hl4\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e1 section-g-6264hl4 gutentor-element gutentor-element-advanced-text text-align-justify-desktop\"><div class=\"gutentor-text-wrap\"><p class=\"gutentor-text\">Copyright for all articles published in&nbsp;<strong>ATRAS&nbsp;<\/strong>belongs to the author. The authors also grant permission to the publisher to publish, reproduce, distribute, and transmit the articles.&nbsp;<strong>ATRAS&nbsp;<\/strong>publishes accepted papers under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License. Authors submitting papers for publication in&nbsp;<strong>ATRAS&nbsp;<\/strong>agree to apply the CC BY-NC 4.0 license to their work. For non-commercial purposes, anyone may copy, redistribute material, remix, transform, and construct material in any media or format, provided that the terms of the license are observed and the original source is properly cited.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ekiti-Parapo War, war and peace in Yorubaland, Yoruba civil wars, Yoruba historical drama, Yoruba nationalism<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[846],"tags":[899,900,901,902,903],"class_list":["post-3468","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol-06-n02-2025","tag-ekiti-parapo-war","tag-war-and-peace-in-yorubaland","tag-yoruba-civil-wars","tag-yoruba-historical-drama","tag-yoruba-nationalism"],"gutentor_comment":0,"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Article 13 Issue 02 vol 6 July 2025 - ATRAS journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ekiti-Parapo War, war and peace in Yorubaland, Yoruba civil wars, Yoruba historical drama, Yoruba nationalism\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3468\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Article 13 Issue 02 vol 6 July 2025 - ATRAS journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ekiti-Parapo War, war and peace in Yorubaland, Yoruba civil wars, Yoruba historical drama, Yoruba nationalism\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3468\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ATRAS journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/p\/ATRAS-journal-100083161450894\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-07-15T20:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-12-10T19:08:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"278\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"atras\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"atras\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/?p=3468#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/?p=3468\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"atras\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ad5e6fcff0b37638480b00e92868cd64\"},\"headline\":\"Article 13 Issue 02 vol 6 July 2025\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-07-15T20:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-12-10T19:08:23+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/?p=3468\"},\"wordCount\":897,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/?p=3468#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/image-2.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Ekiti-Parapo War\",\"war and peace in Yorubaland\",\"Yoruba civil wars\",\"Yoruba historical drama\",\"Yoruba nationalism\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Vol 06 N02 2025\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/?p=3468\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/?p=3468\",\"name\":\"Article 13 Issue 02 vol 6 July 2025 - 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