{"id":3671,"date":"2026-01-15T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-01-15T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671"},"modified":"2026-02-14T18:49:55","modified_gmt":"2026-02-14T18:49:55","slug":"article-42-issue-01-vol-7-january-2026","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671","title":{"rendered":"Article 42 Issue 01 vol 7 January 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A Historical Glimpse of Some Epidemics in Algeria During the French Occupation: Painful Truths and Numerous Challenges<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>
\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a: \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/h1><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a<\/strong>
<\/sup>\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u00a0 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631
n.messaoudi@univ-eltarf.dz1<\/sup><\/a>
https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6560-8657<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/strong>
\u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0632\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644<\/strong>
\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u00a0 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631
zeroual-faycal@univ-eltarf.dz<\/a>
<\/strong>https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3332-5701<\/strong><\/a> <\/strong>
\u0623\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0648<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>
\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u00a0 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631
a.bessou@univ-eltarf.dz<\/a>
\u00a0 <\/strong>https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8931-2435<\/strong><\/a>
\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>
\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <\/strong><\/strong>
\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 01\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631
<\/sup>samir.djemai@umc.edu.dz<\/a>
<\/strong>https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8989-0561<\/strong><\/a> <\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

During the French colonial period, profound changes at all levels led to political, military, and social upheavals. These transformations included the collapse of the Dey Hussein regime in 1830 and the outbreak of popular Algerian resistance following the Congress of Tamenfoust , on July 23, 1830. This study aims to explore, albeit briefly, the various epidemics that struck Algeria during this period, examining the social and health consequences of the French occupation, with particular emphasis on the devastating impact of infectious diseases on the Algerian population. Drawing on a wide range of sources and references, the study reveals that Algeria was fertile ground for epidemics due to a number of aggravating factors. Paradoxically, colonialism\u2014while priding itself on defending human rights and the values of civilization\u2014did not hesitate to commit war crimes against an unarmed people in the pursuit of medical and scientific research. These atrocities included the 1832 medical experiment on the chief of the Aoufia tribe and the 1960 nuclear tests.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Keywords:<\/strong> Algeria, epidemics, disease, French occupation, medicine<\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

How to Cite this Paper :<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 (2026). \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a: \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0629
\u00a0\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0633\u060c 7<\/em>(1)\u060c 606-616.<\/bdo><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

DOI:\u00a0
<\/a>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.70091\/Atras\/vol07no01.42<\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong>:<\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633. \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628. \u062b. (2022). “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629”. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 15 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f: 01 (2022)\u060c \u0635 369-386. https:\/\/asjp.cerist.dz\/en\/article\/186195<\/a>
\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631. (2000). \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631: 1830-1989<\/em>. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629.
\u0628\u0648\u0644\u063a\u064a\u062b \u0645. \u0627\u060c \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u0628. \u0639. (2021). “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631”. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f”, 11(1), 363-375. https:\/\/www.asjp.cerist.dz\/en\/article\/148034<\/a>
\u062e\u0648\u062c\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646. (2005). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631 (ANEP). \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631.
\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649. (2013). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631 (ANEP). \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631.
\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648. (2023). “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 8 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1945 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a”. \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a, 3(2), 92-112. https:\/\/www.asjp.cerist.dz\/en\/article\/229942<\/a>
\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0633. \u0645. (2020). “\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 19\u0645”. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629, 10(4), 357-370. https:\/\/www.asjp.cerist.dz\/en\/article\/138738<\/a>
\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645. (1992). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 1830\u20131900. \u06373. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.
\u0634\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633. (2010). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631.
\u0634\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627. (2022). “\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 (1519-1830\u0645)”. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a, 4(1), 102-127. https:\/\/www.asjp.cerist.dz\/en\/article\/194379<\/a>
\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u062c. \u0627. (2013). “\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a”. \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641, 8(14), 178-206. https:\/\/asjp.cerist.dz\/en\/article\/89520<\/a>
\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0646. \u0627. (2016). “\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644”. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 , 9(1), 160-176. https:\/\/www.asjp.cerist.dz\/en\/article\/92843<\/a>
\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0635. (2016). “\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629”. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631, 15(2), 187-204. https:\/\/www.asjp.cerist.dz\/en\/article\/46259<\/a>
\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c “\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 “. \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629, 3(2), 102-113. https:\/\/asjp.cerist.dz\/en\/article\/274676<\/a>\u00a0
\u0642\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631. (2017). “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a 1830\u20131914”. \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631.
\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629. (2018). “\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a 1830\u20131962”. \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631.
\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0642. (2018). “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631: \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 (1830- 1939\u0645)”. \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629, 6(1), 129-144. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/asjp.cerist.dz\/en\/article\/273919<\/a>
\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0646. \u0627. (2020). “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0634\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629”. Dirassat, 11(1), 9-27. https:\/\/www.asjp.cerist.dz\/en\/article\/117541<\/a>
\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0629. (2003). “\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a”. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631.
\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0645. \u0642. (2012). \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1830. \u06371. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Audoin-Rouzeau, F. (2003). Les chemins de la peste : Le rat, la puce et l\u2019homme<\/em>. Presses universitaires de Rennes.
Azan, P. (1931). Conqu\u00eate et pacification de l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie<\/em>. Librairie de France.
Bia, T. (2022). \u00c9tude de la leishmaniose canine<\/em> (Th\u00e8se de doctorat non publi\u00e9e). Universit\u00e9 Ibn Khaldoun, Tiaret, Alg\u00e9rie.
Boudrissa, A. (2014). \u00c9tude \u00e9co-\u00e9pid\u00e9miologique de la leishmaniose cutan\u00e9e du sud de l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie<\/em> (Th\u00e8se de doctorat non publi\u00e9e). Universit\u00e9 de S\u00e9tif 1 Ferhat Abbas, S\u00e9tif, Alg\u00e9rie.
Broeck, D. V., Horvath, C., & De Wolf, M. J. (2007). Vibrio cholerae : Cholera toxin<\/em>. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 39<\/em>(10), 1771\u20131775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.07.005<\/a>
Carniel, \u00c9. (2002). La peste. Comptes rendus biologies, 325<\/em>(8), 851\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1631-0691(02)01493-2<\/a>
Eddaikra Laama, N. (2016). \u00c9tude de la chimior\u00e9sistance aux antimoni\u00e9s chez Leishmania en Alg\u00e9rie : Validation des tests in vitro et d\u00e9veloppement de marqueurs mol\u00e9culaires<\/em> (Th\u00e8se de doctorat non publi\u00e9e). Universit\u00e9 Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou, Alg\u00e9rie.
Ghanem, L., & Ghanem, N. E. H. (2022). Les plus grandes \u00e9pid\u00e9mies et pand\u00e9mies de l\u2019Histoire : Cas de l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie entre l\u2019\u00e9poque ottomane et coloniale. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629, 6<\/em>(1), 875\u2013886. https:\/\/www.asjp.cerist.dz\/en\/article\/193686<\/a>
Gherbi, R. (2020). Inventaire, biologie et \u00e9cologie des Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae) dans la r\u00e9gion semi-aride : Cas de la r\u00e9gion de S\u00e9tif, avec d\u00e9tection et identification des esp\u00e8ces de Leishmanies<\/em> (Th\u00e8se de doctorat non publi\u00e9e). Universit\u00e9 de S\u00e9tif 1 Ferhat Abbas, S\u00e9tif, Alg\u00e9rie.
Orlandi-Pradines, E., & Corbel, V. (2007). Vecteurs du paludisme : Biologie, diversit\u00e9, pr\u00e9vention et protection individuelle. M\u00e9decine et maladies infectieuses, 37<\/em>(3), 153\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.10.009<\/a>
Raynaud, L., Souli\u00e9, H., & Picard, P. (1932). Hygi\u00e8ne et pathologie nord-africaines : Assistance m\u00e9dicale<\/em> (Vol. 1). Masson.
Organisation mondiale de la Sant\u00e9, Bureau r\u00e9gional de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e orientale. (2000). Dictionnaire d\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie<\/em>. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/119634<\/a>
Xu, H. et al. (2024). Renforcement de la surveillance du chol\u00e9ra pour am\u00e9liorer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des campagnes de vaccination. Nature Medicine<\/em>, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-02852-8<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Copyright for all articles published in ATRAS <\/strong>belongs to the author. The authors also grant permission to the publisher to publish, reproduce, distribute, and transmit the articles. ATRAS <\/strong>publishes accepted papers under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License. Authors submitting papers for publication in ATRAS <\/strong>agree to apply the CC BY-NC 4.0 license to their work. For non-commercial purposes, anyone may copy, redistribute material, remix, transform, and construct material in any media or format, provided that the terms of the license are observed and the original source is properly cited.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Algeria, epidemics, disease, French occupation, medicine<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3512,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[926],"tags":[517,1086,1085,1087,1088],"class_list":["post-3671","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vol-07-n01-2026","tag-algeria","tag-disease","tag-epidemics","tag-french-occupation","tag-medicine"],"gutentor_comment":0,"yoast_head":"\nArticle 42 Issue 01 vol 7 January 2026 - ATRAS journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Algeria, epidemics, disease, French occupation, medicine\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Article 42 Issue 01 vol 7 January 2026\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Algeria, epidemics, disease, French occupation, medicine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ATRAS journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/p\/ATRAS-journal-100083161450894\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-01-15T08:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-14T18:49:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/article-200x200-1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"atras\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Article 42 Issue 01 vol 7 January 2026\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Algeria, epidemics, disease, French occupation, medicine\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/article-200x200-1.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"atras\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"atras\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/ad5e6fcff0b37638480b00e92868cd64\"},\"headline\":\"Article 42 Issue 01 vol 7 January 2026\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-01-15T08:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-14T18:49:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671\"},\"wordCount\":776,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/article-200x200-1.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Algeria\",\"disease\",\"epidemics\",\"French occupation\",\"medicine\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Vol 07 N01 2026\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671\",\"name\":\"Article 42 Issue 01 vol 7 January 2026 - ATRAS journal\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/article-200x200-1.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-01-15T08:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-14T18:49:55+00:00\",\"description\":\"Algeria, epidemics, disease, French occupation, medicine\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/article-200x200-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/article-200x200-1.png\",\"width\":200,\"height\":200},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Article 42 Issue 01 vol 7 January 2026\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/\",\"name\":\"ATRAS journal\",\"description\":\"ATRAS is a double-blind, peer-reviewed, and multidisciplinary journal issued by the Faculty of Letters, Languages, and Arts, Saida University\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"ATRAS journal\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#organization\",\"name\":\"ATRAS journal\",\"alternateName\":\"ATRAS is a double-blind, peer-reviewed, and multidisciplinary journal issued by the Faculty of Letters, Languages, and Arts, Saida University\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/logo-512x512-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/logo-512x512-1.png\",\"width\":512,\"height\":512,\"caption\":\"ATRAS journal\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/p\/ATRAS-journal-100083161450894\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/ad5e6fcff0b37638480b00e92868cd64\",\"name\":\"atras\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/607d3e9ced6ad1403645c0d9854f1d33abaeefbd7fecc154ab8216f3dd005418?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/607d3e9ced6ad1403645c0d9854f1d33abaeefbd7fecc154ab8216f3dd005418?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/607d3e9ced6ad1403645c0d9854f1d33abaeefbd7fecc154ab8216f3dd005418?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"atras\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?author=2\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Article 42 Issue 01 vol 7 January 2026 - ATRAS journal","description":"Algeria, epidemics, disease, French occupation, medicine","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Article 42 Issue 01 vol 7 January 2026","og_description":"Algeria, epidemics, disease, French occupation, medicine","og_url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671","og_site_name":"ATRAS journal","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/p\/ATRAS-journal-100083161450894\/","article_published_time":"2026-01-15T08:00:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-02-14T18:49:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":200,"height":200,"url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/article-200x200-1.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"atras","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_title":"Article 42 Issue 01 vol 7 January 2026","twitter_description":"Algeria, epidemics, disease, French occupation, medicine","twitter_image":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/article-200x200-1.png","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"atras","Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671"},"author":{"name":"atras","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/ad5e6fcff0b37638480b00e92868cd64"},"headline":"Article 42 Issue 01 vol 7 January 2026","datePublished":"2026-01-15T08:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-02-14T18:49:55+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671"},"wordCount":776,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/article-200x200-1.png","keywords":["Algeria","disease","epidemics","French occupation","medicine"],"articleSection":["Vol 07 N01 2026"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671","url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671","name":"Article 42 Issue 01 vol 7 January 2026 - ATRAS journal","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/article-200x200-1.png","datePublished":"2026-01-15T08:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-02-14T18:49:55+00:00","description":"Algeria, epidemics, disease, French occupation, medicine","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/article-200x200-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/article-200x200-1.png","width":200,"height":200},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3671#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Article 42 Issue 01 vol 7 January 2026"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/","name":"ATRAS journal","description":"ATRAS is a double-blind, peer-reviewed, and multidisciplinary journal issued by the Faculty of Letters, Languages, and Arts, Saida University","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#organization"},"alternateName":"ATRAS journal","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#organization","name":"ATRAS journal","alternateName":"ATRAS is a double-blind, peer-reviewed, and multidisciplinary journal issued by the Faculty of Letters, Languages, and Arts, Saida University","url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/logo-512x512-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/logo-512x512-1.png","width":512,"height":512,"caption":"ATRAS journal"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/p\/ATRAS-journal-100083161450894\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/ad5e6fcff0b37638480b00e92868cd64","name":"atras","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/607d3e9ced6ad1403645c0d9854f1d33abaeefbd7fecc154ab8216f3dd005418?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/607d3e9ced6ad1403645c0d9854f1d33abaeefbd7fecc154ab8216f3dd005418?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/607d3e9ced6ad1403645c0d9854f1d33abaeefbd7fecc154ab8216f3dd005418?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"atras"},"url":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?author=2"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3671","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3671"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3671\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3682,"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3671\/revisions\/3682"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3512"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3671"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3671"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3671"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}