{"id":3768,"date":"2025-07-15T20:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-07-15T20:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3768"},"modified":"2026-03-12T17:41:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-12T17:41:46","slug":"article-36-issue-02-vol-6-july-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3768","title":{"rendered":"Article 36 Issue 02 vol 6 July 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Title: The Role of Arabic Language in the Usuli Cognitive Framework: Investigating Linguistic Functionality and Polemical Dialogues<\/strong><\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abdeslam Abi <\/strong>
University of Batna1-lhadj lakhdar\/Algeria
 abdeslam.abi@univ-batna.dz
https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4798-0700<\/strong><\/a>
Mohamed yazid salem
University of Batna1-lhadj lakhdar\/Algeria
mohamedyazid.salem@univ-batna.dz
https:\/\/orcid.org\/my-orcid?orcid=0009-0005-3128-6747<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This article aims to explore the status of the Arabic language within the Usuli epistemological framework, addressing it from two perspectives. The first perspective is its role as the language of the sacred revelation and the language of the explanatory discourse that engages with it, particularly in the field of deriving legal rulings (ahkam shar\u2018iyya). It treats the Arabic language as a natural language, governed by a linguistic system similar to other natural languages, consisting of various linguistic levels employed to understand the meanings of words and syntactic structures that form Sharia discourse. The second perspective emphasizes the Arabic language as the primary tool used by scholars of various Islamic theological sects, each according to its doctrinal stance, to support their positions in what is known as doctrinal polemics. These polemical debates involved both linguistic and non-linguistic tools, and the theological disputes between Islamic sects served as an arena for establishing and affirming the fundamental principles of their doctrinal and intellectual schools. The article employs a descriptive methodology, tracing the role occupied by the Arabic language in Usuli thought and analyzing how it was utilized in the derivation of legal rulings on one hand, and how the theological schools viewed it as both the material and interpretive tool of religious discourse on the other hand.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Keywords:<\/strong> doctrinal debates, theological inference, theological polemics, Usuli thought
<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

How to Cite this Paper :<\/strong><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a, \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 .(2025) . \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 6<\/em>(2)\u060c 545-561<\/bdo><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

DOI:\u00a0
<\/a>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.70091\/Atras\/vol06no02.36<\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong>:<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0632\u0650\u0651\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u062c\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u064e\u0644\u062f\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0646\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064a\u0650\u0651 \u0628\u0652\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u062a792\u0647\u0640.( 1988\u0645). \u0634\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062d\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0642\u0650\u064a\u062f\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064e\u0651\u062d\u064e\u0627\u0648\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650. \u06379. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064f\u0651. \u0628\u064a\u064e\u0631\u064f\u0648\u062a\u064f. \u0644\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f. 
\u0627\u0650\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a \u0634\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0629\u064e\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064f \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0652\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064e \u062a297\u0647\u0640\u0640.( 1998\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0634\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0631\u064f\u0648\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0641\u0650\u064a\u0647. \u06371. \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064f: \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u062e\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0641\u064e\u0629 \u0628\u0652\u0646 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0651. \u0645\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064f\u0651\u0634\u0652\u062f\u0650. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u064a\u064e\u0627\u0636\u064f. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f. 
\u0627\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0645\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064e.( 2004\u0645). \u0645\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0645\u0648\u0639\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0648\u064e\u0649. \u06371. \u0645\u064f\u062c\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0639\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0643\u0650 \u0641\u064e\u0647\u0652\u062f\u064d \u0644\u0650\u0637\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0639\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0641\u0650 \u0644\u0650\u0634\u064e\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064d. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064f. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0639\u064f\u0648\u062f\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f.
\u0627\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0645\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0633\u0650 \u062a\u064e\u0642\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064f \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u064f \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0645\u0650 \u062a728\u0647\u0640\u0640.( 1992\u0645). \u062f\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0621\u064f \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0636\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0644\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0652\u0644\u0650. \u06372. \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064f: \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0631\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0627\u062f \u0633\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645\u060c \u062c\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0652\u0646 \u0633\u064f\u0639\u064f\u0648\u062f\u064d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f .
\u0627\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u062e\u064e\u0644\u0652\u062f\u064f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0632\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064d \u0648\u064e\u0644\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0646\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0650 \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0634\u0652\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0646\u0650\u0633\u0650\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0650\u0631\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0643\u0650\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u062a 808\u0647. (1981\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0631\u064f \u0648\u064e\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u062e\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0631\u0650 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u062a\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u064a\u062e\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0631\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0627\u0635\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0630\u064e\u0648\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u0623\u0652\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0631\u0650. \u06371. \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0650\u0643\u0652\u0631\u0650. \u0628\u064a\u064e\u0631\u064f\u0648\u062a\u064f. \u0644\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f.
\u0627\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0642\u064f\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u0650 \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0631\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u062a276\u0647\u0640.( 2007\u0645). \u062a\u064e\u0623\u0652\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064f \u0645\u064f\u0634\u0652\u0643\u0650\u0644\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0622\u0646\u0650. \u06372. \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064f: \u0625\u0650\u0628\u0652\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064f \u0634\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0633\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0646\u0650. \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0651\u0629\u0650. \u0628\u064a\u064e\u0631\u064f\u0648\u062a\u064f. \u0644\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f.
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0632\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0631\u064a\u064f\u0651\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0631 \u064e\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0652\u0645\u062f\u0650 \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u064e \u062a370\u0647\u0640.( 2001\u0645). \u062a\u064e\u0647\u0652\u0630\u064a\u0628\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064f\u0651\u063a\u064e\u0629\u0650. \u06371. \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064f: \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0636\u064d \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0639\u0650\u0628\u064d. \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0625\u0650\u062d\u0652\u064a\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064f\u0651\u0631\u064e\u0627\u062b\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064a\u0650\u0651.\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0631\u064f\u0648\u062a\u064f. \u0644\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f.
\u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064f\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064f \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0642\u064d.( 2005\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064f \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0639\u064f\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0622\u0646\u0650. \u06371. \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0622\u0646\u0650. \u062d\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0628. \u0633\u064f\u0648\u0631\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0627. 
\u0628\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0646\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062e\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u062f \u0628\u0652\u0646 \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0645\u0650.( 2009\u0645).” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062e\u064e\u0627\u0637\u064e\u0628\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0652\u0637\u064e\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u064a\u064e\u0627\u0642\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0633\u0650\u064a\u0628\u064e\u0648\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647”\u060c \u0645\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0633\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064f\u0651\u063a\u064e\u0648\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f. \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0632\u0652\u064a\u064e\u0627. 1(1).
\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0633\u0652\u060c \u0633. \u0643\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0646\u064f.(1992\u0645). \u0628\u0650\u0646\u0652\u064a\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0648\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650. \u062a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0629\u064f: \u0634\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0642\u0650\u064a \u062c\u064e\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u062f \u0637. \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0641\u064e\u0629\u0650. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0633\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0637\u064e\u0646\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0644\u0650\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064f\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0622\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650.\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064f.
\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0633\u0652\u060c \u0633. \u0643\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0646\u064f.(2007\u0645). \u0628\u0650\u0646\u0652\u064a\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0648\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650. \u062a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0629\u064f: \u062f\/ \u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0631\u0650 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0651 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064e. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0638\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0644\u0650\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0629\u0650.\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0631\u064f\u0648\u062a\u064f. \u0644\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f.
\u062c\u064f\u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0629\u064e\u060c \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064d.( 1996\u0645). \u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f \u0623\u064f\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0650\u0642\u0652\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0642\u064e\u062a\u064f\u0647\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0633\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650. \u06371. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0647\u064e\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u064a \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0643\u0652\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0651. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064f. \u0645\u0650\u0635\u0652\u0631\u064f.
\u062d\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0641\u0650\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0646.( 2004\u0645). \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0635\u0650\u0651 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0642\u0650\u0639\u0650. \u06371. \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0632\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0634\u0652\u0631\u0650. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064f. \u0645\u0650\u0635\u0652\u0631\u064f.
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0645\u0650\u064a\u064f\u0651\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0633\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u062f\u064d \u062a280\u0647\u0640\u0640.( 2012\u0645). \u0646\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0636\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650 \u0623\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a \u0633\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u062f\u0650 \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0633\u064e\u0639\u0650\u064a\u062f\u064d \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0633\u0650\u064a \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0646\u0650\u064a\u062f\u0650 \u0641\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0649 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u0650- \u0639\u064e\u0632\u064e\u0651 \u0648\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651- \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0648\u0652\u062d\u0650\u064a\u062f\u0650. \u06371. \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064f: \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0650\u0645\u064d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0651. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0634\u0652\u0631\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0648\u0652\u0632\u0650\u064a\u0639\u0650. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0647\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064f. \u0645\u0650\u0635\u0652\u0631\u064f. 
\u062f\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0648\u0650\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062e\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0631.(2012\u0645).” \u0646\u064e\u0638\u064e\u0631\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0627\u0642\u0652\u062a\u0650\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0646\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650: \u0645\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0629\u064c \u062a\u064e\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064f\u0644\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064c”. \u0645\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062a\u064d. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u063a\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u062f\u064f38. \u0635149- 159.
\u0631\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0636\u0627\u0646\u064f\u060c \u064a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u064a.( 2007\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0650\u0637\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0651: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0648\u064e \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u062c\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064f. \u06371. \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u062b\u0650. \u0639\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0631\u0652\u062f\u064f\u0646\u064f\u0651. 
\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064e\u062e\u0652\u0634\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u064f\u0651\u060c \u062c\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u0650 \u0623\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0633\u0650\u0645\u0650 \u0645\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064f \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0639\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0631 \u062a538\u0647\u0640( 1987\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064e\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0641\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062d\u064e\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0642\u0650 \u063a\u064e\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0636\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0646\u0652\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0648\u0650\u064a\u0644\u0650 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0648\u064f\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0623\u0652\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0650. \u06373. \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064a\u0650\u0651. \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064f. \u0644\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f. 
\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064e\u062e\u0652\u0634\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u064f\u0651\u060c( 1993\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0641\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0644\u064f \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0635\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650. \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0642\u0650\u064a\u0642\u064f: \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0645\u064e\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064d. \u06371. \u0645\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0650\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0650. \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064f\u0648\u062a. \u0644\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0646. 
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0637\u0650\u0628\u064a\u064f\u0651\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u062d\u0627\u0642\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0628\u0652\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064f \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0645\u064f\u0648\u0633\u064e\u0649 \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u062e\u0652\u0645\u064a \u062a790\u0647\u0640.( 1997\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0627\u062a\u064f. \u062a\u064e\u0642\u0652\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064f: \u0628\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0631\u0650 \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u0650 \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0632\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064d. \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064f: \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0639\u064f\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0629\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0647\u064f\u0648\u0631\u064f \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u062d\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0650 \u0633\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u06371. \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064e.\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f. 
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0639\u064a\u064f\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064f \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0637\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0628\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064f \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0625\u0650\u062f\u0652\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064e \u062a204\u0647\u0640\u0640.( 1940\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0650\u0642\u0652\u0647\u0650. \u06371. \u0645\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0651. \u0645\u0650\u0635\u0652\u0631\u064f. 
\u0639\u064f\u062b\u0652\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0627\u062d.( 2001\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0630\u064e\u062c\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0650\u0639\u0650: \u0628\u064e\u062d\u0652\u062b\u064c \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0637\u0650\u0642\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0641\u0652\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0651. \u06371. \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0634\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0641\u0650 \u0628\u0650\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650 .\u0645\u0650\u0635\u0652\u0631\u064f. 
\u0645\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0651\u0646\u064f\u060c \u0647\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0631.( 2011\u0645).” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0652\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0648\u064f\u0644\u0650\u064a\u064f\u0651: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0641\u064f\u0642\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0638\u064e\u0631\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u062c\u0652\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0637\u0652\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064f\u0647\u064f\u0648\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0641\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650”. \u0645\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0631\u0650. \u0643\u064f\u0644\u0651\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0622\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064f\u0651\u063a\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650. \u0648\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064f. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064e\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0631\u064f. \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u062f\u064c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064c\u0651 \u0628\u0650\u0623\u064e\u0634\u0652\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0644\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064a\u0650\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0650\u062b\u0650 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0650\u0637\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650. 10(11). \u0635 124-131.
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0633\u0650\u064a\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0650.( 2002\u0645).\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064f\u0651\u063a\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064f \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0648\u0652\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0648\u064e\u062d\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064e\u062c\u064f\u0648\u062f\u064e. \u0637\u06501. \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064f\u0651\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0642\u0650. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064f. \u0645\u0650\u0635\u0652\u0631\u064f.
\u0645\u064f\u0637\u064e\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0639\u064e\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0637\u064a\u0641. ( 1985\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0633\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u0652\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u062f \u0637. \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064f\u0651\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631. \u0628\u064e\u063a\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0627\u062f\u064f. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0642\u064f.
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064e\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0632\u064e\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0651.(2013\u0645). \u062a\u064e\u062c\u0652\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064f \u0623\u064f\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0650\u0642\u0652\u0647\u0650. \u06371. \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0632\u064f \u0627\u064e\u0644\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064a\u064f\u0651. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064f. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064f\u060c \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0645\u0650.( 1996\u0645). \u0625\u0650\u062a\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064f \u0630\u064e\u0648\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0631\u0650 \u0628\u0650\u0634\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062d\u0650 \u0631\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0636\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0638\u0650\u0631\u0650. \u06371. \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0635\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0634\u0652\u0631\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0648\u0652\u0632\u0650\u064a\u0639\u0650. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f. 
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0627\u062d\u0650\u062f\u0650\u064a\u064f\u0651\u060c \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0646\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064d \u062a468\u0647\u0640.( 2009\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0641\u0652\u0633\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u0633\u0650\u064a\u0637\u064f. \u06371. \u0646\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064f: \u0639\u0650\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u062d\u0652\u062b\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064a\u0650\u0651- \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0650 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0650 \u0628\u0652\u0646\u0650 \u0633\u064f\u0639\u064f\u0648\u062f\u064d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0639\u064f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629.
\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064f\u0633\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f.( 2007\u0645).\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0649 \u0648\u064e\u0638\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0649: \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0638\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650. \u06372. \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0651.\u0628\u064a\u064e\u0631\u064f\u0648\u062a\u064f. \u0644\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f.
\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064f\u0633\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u060c( 2004\u0645). \u0645\u064f\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0645\u064e\u0629\u064c \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u062e\u064e\u0627\u0637\u064f\u0628\u0650. \u06371. \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u062f\u064e\u0629\u0650- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u064e\u0651\u062d\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0629\u0650. \u0644\u0650\u064a\u0628\u0652\u064a\u064e\u0627.
<\/bdo><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Copyright for all articles published in ATRAS <\/strong>belongs to the author. The authors also grant permission to the publisher to publish, reproduce, distribute, and transmit the articles. ATRAS <\/strong>publishes accepted papers under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License. Authors submitting papers for publication in ATRAS <\/strong>agree to apply the CC BY-NC 4.0 license to their work. For non-commercial purposes, anyone may copy, redistribute material, remix, transform, and construct material in any media or format, provided that the terms of the license are observed and the original source is properly cited.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

doctrinal debates, theological inference, theological polemics, Usuli thought<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[846],"tags":[1193,1194,1195,1196],"class_list":["post-3768","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vol-06-n02-2025","tag-doctrinal-debates","tag-theological-inference","tag-theological-polemics","tag-usuli-thought"],"gutentor_comment":0,"yoast_head":"\nArticle 36 Issue 02 vol 6 July 2025 - ATRAS journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"doctrinal debates, theological inference, theological polemics, Usuli thought\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3768\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Article 36 Issue 02 vol 6 July 2025\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"doctrinal debates, theological inference, theological polemics, Usuli thought\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/?p=3768\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ATRAS journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/p\/ATRAS-journal-100083161450894\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-07-15T20:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-12T17:41:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/atras-univ-saida.dz\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/image-2.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"278\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"atras\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Article 36 Issue 02 vol 6 July 2025\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"doctrinal debates, theological inference, theological polemics, Usuli thought\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"atras\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/?p=3768#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/?p=3768\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"atras\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ad5e6fcff0b37638480b00e92868cd64\"},\"headline\":\"Article 36 Issue 02 vol 6 July 2025\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-07-15T20:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-12T17:41:46+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/?p=3768\"},\"wordCount\":414,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/?p=3768#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/image-2.png\",\"keywords\":[\"doctrinal debates\",\"theological inference\",\"theological polemics\",\"Usuli thought\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Vol 06 N02 2025\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/?p=3768\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/atras-univ-saida.dz\\\/en\\\/?p=3768\",\"name\":\"Article 36 Issue 02 vol 6 July 2025 - 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