Article 41 Issue 02 vol 6 July 2025

Altenmüller, E. (2008). Neurology of musical performance. Clinical Medicine,  8, 410–413. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.8-4-410
Augustus, J. L. et al. (2018). Melody processing characterizes functional neuroanatomy in the aging brain. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12, Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00001
Bernard, J. A., & Seidler, R. D. (2014). Moving forward: Age effects on the cerebellum underlie cognitive and motor declines. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 42, 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.011
Bidelman, G. M., & Alain, C. (2015). Musical training orchestrates coordinated neuroplasticity in auditory brainstem and cortex to counteract age-related declines in categorical vowel perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(3), 1240–1249. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3292-14.2015
Bidelman, G. M., & Mankel, K. (2019). Reply to Schellenberg: Is there more to auditory plasticity than meets the ear? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(7), 2785–2786. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820437116
Bispham, J. (2006). Rhythm in music: What is it? Who has it? And why? Music Perception, 24(2), 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2006.24.2.125
Branstetter, R. (2014). The everything parent’s guide to children with executive functioning disorder: Strategies to help your child achieve the time-management skills, focus, and organization needed to succeed in school and life. Adams Media.
Brown, R. M., Zatorre, R. J., & Penhune, V. B. (2015). Expert music performance: Cognitive, neural, and developmental bases. Progress in Brain Research, 217, 57–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.021
Bugos, J. A., Perlstein, W. M., McCrae, C. S., Brophy, T. S., & Bedenbaugh, P. H. (2007). Individualized piano instruction enhances executive functioning and working memory in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 11(4), 464–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860601086504
Buzsáki, G. (2006). Rhythms of the brain. Oxford University Press.
Caballero, H., McFall, G. P., Wiebe, S. A., & Dixon, R. A. (2021). Integrating three characteristics of executive function in non-demented aging: Trajectories, classification, and biomarker predictors. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 27(2), 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617720000833
Cason, N., Astésano, C., & Schön, D. (2015). Bridging music and speech rhythm: Rhythmic priming and audio–motor training affect speech perception. Acta Psychologica, 155, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.12.002
Chen, J. L., Penhune, V. B., & Zatorre, R. J. (2008). Listening to musical rhythms recruits motor regions of the brain. Cerebral Cortex, 18(12), 2844–2854. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn042
Chun, M. M., Golomb, J. D., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2011). A taxonomy of external and internal attention. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 73–101. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100427
Cohen, R. A., Barnes, H. J., Jenkins, M., & Albers, H. E. (1997). Disruption of short-duration timing associated with damage to the suprachiasmatic region of the hypothalamus. Neurology, 48(6), 1533–1539. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.48.6.1533
Deco, G., & Thiele, A. (2009). Attention: Oscillations and neuropharmacology. European Journal of Neuroscience, 30(3), 347–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06833.x
Degé, F., & Kerkovius, K. (2018). The effects of drumming on working memory in older adults. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1423(1), 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13685
De Pretto, M., & James, C. E. (2015). Principles of parsimony: fMRI correlates of beat-based versus duration-based sensorimotor synchronization. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 25(4), 380–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/pmu0000123
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
Erences, I., & Wang, X. J. (2010). Neurophysiological and computational principles of cortical rhythms in cognition. Physiological Reviews, 90(3), 1195–1268. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00035.2008
Escoffier, N., Herrmann, C. S., & Schirmer, A. (2015). Auditory rhythms entrain visual processes in the human brain: Evidence from evoked oscillations and event-related potentials. NeuroImage,  111, 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.024
Evers, S. (2023). The cerebellum in musicology: A narrative review. The Cerebellum,  22(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-022-01391-7
Ever-changing cycles of musical pleasure: The role of dopamine and anticipation. (2012). Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 22(2), 152–167. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031126
Fabio, R. A., Caprì, T., & Romano, M. (2019). From controlled to automatic processes and back again: The role of contextual features. European Journal of Psychology, 15(4), 773–788. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v15i4.1737
Fadiga, L., Craighero, L., & D’Ausilio, A. (2009). Broca’s area in language, action, and music. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1169(1), 448–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04582.x
Fauvel, B., Groussard, M., Eustache, F., Desgranges, B., & Platel, H. (2013). Neural implementation of musical expertise and cognitive transfers: Could they be promising in the framework of normal cognitive aging? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, Article 693. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00693
Fauvel, B., Groussard, M., Mutlu, J., Arenaza-Urquijo, E. M., Eustache, F., Desgranges, B., & Platel, H. (2014). Musical practice and cognitive aging: Two cross-sectional studies point to phonemic fluency as a potential candidate for a use-dependent adaptation. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, Article 227. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00227
Ferrari, R. (2015). Writing narrative style literature reviews. Medical Writing, 24(4), 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047480615Z.000000000329
Fjell, A. M., Sneve, M. H., Grydeland, H., Storsve, A. B., & Walhovd, K. B. (2017). The disconnected brain and executive function decline in aging. Cerebral Cortex, 27(3), 2303–2317. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw082
Foster, R. G., & Kreitzman, L. (2005). Rhythms of life: The biological clocks that control the daily lives of every living thing. Yale University Press.
Fujioka, T., & Ross, B. (2017). Beta-band oscillations during passive listening to metronome sounds reflect improved timing representation after short-term musical training in healthy older adults. European Journal of Neuroscience, 46(8), 2339–2354. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13684
Fujii, S., & Wan, C. Y. (2014). The role of rhythm in speech and language rehabilitation: The SEP hypothesis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, Article 777. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00777
Gebauer, L., Kringelbach, M. L., & Vuust, P. (2012). Ever-changing cycles of musical pleasure: The role of dopamine and anticipation. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 22(2), 152–167. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031126
Gooding, L. F., Abner, E. L., Jicha, G. A., Kryscio, R. J., & Schmitt, F. A. (2014). Musical training and late-life cognition. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias, 29(4), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317513517048
Gollan, T. H., & Goldrick, M. (2019). Aging deficits in naturalistic speech production and monitoring revealed through reading aloud. Psychology and Aging, 34(1), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000309
Grahn, J. A., & Brett, M. (2007). Rhythm and beat perception in motor areas of the brain. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(5), 893–906. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.5.893
Grover, S., Nguyen, J. A., & Reinhart, R. M. G. (2021). Synchronizing brain rhythms to improve cognition. Annual Review of Medicine, 72, 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-060619-022857
Groussard, M., La Joie, R., Rauchs, G., Landeau, B., Chételat, G., Viader, F., Desgranges, B., Eustache, F., & Platel, H. (2010). When music and long-term memory interact: Effects of musical expertise on functional and structural plasticity in the hippocampus. PLoS ONE, 5(8), e13225. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013225
Groussard, M., Viader, F., Landeau, B., Desgranges, B., Eustache, F., & Platel, H. (2014). The effects of musical practice on structural plasticity: The dynamics of grey matter changes. Brain and Cognition, 90, 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2014.06.013
Hammond, C., Bergman, H., & Brown, P. (2007). Pathological synchronization in Parkinson’s disease: Networks, models and treatments. Trends in Neurosciences, 30(7), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.05.004
Hannon, E. E., Soley, G., & Ullal, S. (2012). Familiarity overrides complexity in rhythm perception: A cross-cultural comparison of American and Turkish listeners. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(3), 543–548. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027225
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 22, 193–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60041-9
Hausen, M., Torppa, R., Salmela, V. R., Vainio, M., & Särkämö, T. (2013). Music and speech prosody: A common rhythm. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 566. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00566
Heard, M., & Lee, Y. S. (2020). Shared neural resources of rhythm and syntax: An ALE meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia, 137, Article 107284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107284
Jackendoff, R. (2002). Foundations of language. Oxford University Press.
Kalpouzos, G., Eustache, F., & Desgranges, B. (2008). Réserve cognitive et fonctionnement cérébral au cours du vieillissement normal et de la maladie d’Alzheimer [Cognitive reserve and neural networks in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease]. Psychologie & Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement, 6(2), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1684/pnv.2008.0126
Koelsch, S., Gunter, T. C., von Cramon, D. Y., Zysset, S., Lohmann, G., & Friederici, A. D. (2002). Bach speaks: A cortical “language-network” serves the processing of music. NeuroImage, 17(2), 956–966. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2002.1154
Kotz, S. A., & Schwartze, M. (2010). Cortical speech processing unplugged: A timely subcortico-cortical framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(9), 392–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.06.005
Landa, S. (2023, January 13). 5 reasons why seniors should play drums. Drumeo. https://www.drumeo.com/beat/5-reasons-why-seniors-should-play-drums/
Large, E. W., & Jones, M. R. (1999). The dynamics of attending: How people track time-varying events. Psychological Review, 106(1), 119–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.1.119
Lerousseau, J. P., Hidalgo, C., & Schön, D. (2020). Musical training for auditory rehabilitation in hearing loss. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), Article 1058. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041058
Madsen, S. M. K., Marschall, M., Dau, T., & Oxenham, A. J. (2019). Speech perception is similar for musicians and non-musicians across a wide range of conditions. Scientific Reports, 9, Article 10404. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46728-1
Maess, B., Koelsch, S., Gunter, T. C., & Friederici, A. D. (2001). Musical syntax is processed in Broca’s area: An MEG study. Nature Neuroscience, 4(5), 540–545. https://doi.org/10.1038/87502
Mayville, J. M., Jantzen, K. J., Fuchs, A., Steinberg, F. L., & Kelso, J. A. S. (2002). Cortical and subcortical networks underlying syncopated and synchronized coordination revealed using fMRI. Human Brain Mapping, 17(4), 214–229. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.10065
McInnes, A., Humphries, T., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Tannock, R. (2003). Listening comprehension and working memory are impaired in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder irrespective of language impairment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(4), 427–443. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023895602957
Meck, W. H., Penney, T. B., & Pouthas, V. (2008). Cortico-striatal representation of time in animals and humans. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.08.002
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
Moussard, A., Bermudez, P., Alain, C., Tays, W., & Moreno, S. (2016). Life-long music practice and executive control in older adults: An event-related potential study. Brain Research, 1642, 146–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.028
Nemeth, D. G., & Chustz, K. M. (2020). Executive functions defined. In D. G. Nemeth & K. M. Chustz (Eds.), Evaluation and treatment of neuropsychologically compromised children (pp. 107–120). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819545-1.00006-1
Oberauer, K. (2019). Working memory and attention – A conceptual analysis and review. Journal of Cognition, 2(1), Article 36. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.58
Overy, K. (2003). Dyslexia and music: Measuring musical timing skills. Dyslexia, 9(1), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.233
Parbery-Clark, A., Strait, D. L., Hittner, E., & Kraus, N. (2013). Musical training enhances neural processing of binaural sounds. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(42), 16741–16747. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5700-11.2013
Patel, A. D. (2003). Language, music, syntax and the brain. Nature Neuroscience, 6(7), 674–681. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1082
Patel, A. D. (2011). Why would musical training benefit the neural encoding of speech? The OPERA hypothesis. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, Article 142. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00142
Patel, A. D. (2012). Language, music, and the brain: A resource-sharing framework. In P. Rebuschat, M. Rohrmeier, J. A. Hawkins, & I. Cross (Eds.), Language and music as cognitive systems (pp. 204–223). Oxford University Press.
Patel, A. D., Gibson, E., Ratner, J., Besson, M., & Holcomb, P. J. (1998). Processing syntactic relations in language and music: An event-related potential study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(6), 717–733. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892998563121
Patel, A. D., & Iversen, J. R. (2014). The evolutionary neuroscience of musical beat perception: The Action Simulation for Auditory Prediction (ASAP) hypothesis. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, Article 57. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00057
Peretz, I., Champod, A. S., & Hyde, K. (2003). Varieties of musical disorders: The Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 999(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1284.006
Polak, R. (2010). Rhythmic feel as meter: Non-isochronous beat subdivision in jembe music from Mali. Music Theory Online, 16(4). https://mtosmt.org/issues/mto.10.16.4/mto.10.16.4.polak.html
Popham, S., Boebinger, D., Ellis, D. P. W., Kawahara, H., & McDermott, J. H. (2018). Inharmonic speech reveals the role of harmonicity in the cocktail party problem. Nature Communications, 9, Article 2122. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04551-8
Ragot, R., Ferrandez, A.-M., & Pouthas, V. (2002). Time, music, and aging. Psychomusicology: A Journal of Research in Music Cognition, 18(1–2), 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094053
Rajan, A., Valla, J. M., Alappatt, J. A., Sharda, M., Shah, A., Ingalhalikar, M., & Singh, N. C. (2019). Wired for musical rhythm? A diffusion MRI-based study of individual differences in music perception. Brain Structure and Function, 224(5), 1711–1722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-019-01868-y
Rossi, E., & Diaz, M. T. (2016). How aging and bilingualism influence language processing: Theoretical and neural models. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 6(1–2), 9–42. https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.6.1-2.01ros
Salimpoor, V. N., Zald, D. H., Zatorre, R. J., Dagher, A., & McIntosh, A. R. (2015). Predictions and the brain: How musical sounds become rewarding. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(2), 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.12.001
Schellenberg, E. G. (2005). Music and cognitive abilities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(6), 317–320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00389.x
Schirmer, A., Meck, W. H., & Penney, T. B. (2016). The socio-temporal brain: Connecting people in time. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(10), 760–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.08.002
Schlaug, G. (2015). Musicians and music making as a model for the study of brain plasticity. Progress in Brain Research, 217, 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.020
Schmahmann, J. D. (2019). The cerebellum and cognition. Neuroscience Letters, 688, 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.005
Schnitzler, A., & Gross, J. (2005). Normal and pathological oscillatory communication in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(4), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1650
Schulkind, M. D. (1999). Long-term memory for temporal structure: Evidence from the identification of well-known and novel songs. Memory & Cognition, 27(5), 896–906. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198541
Stern, Y. (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47(10), 2015–2028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
Strait, D. L., & Kraus, N. (2011). Can you hear me now? Musical training shapes functional brain networks for selective auditory attention and hearing speech in noise. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, Article 113. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00113
Strick, P. L., Dum, R. P., & Fiez, J. A. (2009). Cerebellum and nonmotor function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32, 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125606
Teki, S., Grube, M., Kumar, S., & Griffiths, T. D. (2011). Distinct neural substrates of duration-based and beat-based auditory timing. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(10), 3805–3812. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5561-10.2011
Teki, S., & Griffiths, T. D. (2016). Brain bases of working memory for time intervals in rhythmic sequences. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 10, Article 239. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00239
Thut, G., Miniussi, C., & Groß, J. (2012). The functional importance of rhythmic activity in the brain. Current Biology, 22(16), R658–R663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.061
Tillmann, B., Janata, P., & Bharucha, J. J. (2003). Activation of the inferior frontal cortex in musical priming. Cognitive Brain Research, 16(2), 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00245-8
Torppa, R., Faulkner, A., Vainio, M., & Järvikivi, J. (2010). Acquisition of focus by normal hearing and cochlear implanted children: The role of musical experience. Speech Prosody 2010 – Fifth International Conference. https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/sp2010/papers/sp10_066.pdf
Vaquero, L., Ramos-Escobar, N., François, C., Penhune, V., & Rodríguez-Fornells, A. (2018). White-matter structural connectivity predicts short-term melody and rhythm learning in non-musicians. NeuroImage, 181, 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.018
Veríssimo, J., Verhaeghen, P., Goldman, N., Weinstein, M., & Ullman, M. T. (2022). Evidence that ageing yields improvements as well as declines across attention and executive functions. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(1), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01169-7
Vuust, P., & Witek, M. A. (2014). Rhythmic complexity and predictive coding: A novel approach to modeling rhythm and meter perception in music. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 1111. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01111
Wan, C. Y., & Schlaug, G. (2010). Music making as a tool for promoting brain plasticity across the life span. The Neuroscientist, 16(5), 566–577. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858410377805
Wang, X., Soshi, T., Yamashita, M., Kakihara, M., Tsutsumi, T., Iwasaki, S., & Sekiyama, K. (2023). Effects of a 10-week musical instrument training on cognitive function in healthy older adults: Implications for desirable tests and period of training. Frontiers in Ageing Neuroscience, 15, Article 1180259. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1180259
Wickens, C. D. (1980). The structure of attentional resources. In R. S. Nickerson (Ed.), Attention and performance VIII (pp. 239–257). Erlbaum.
Will, U. (2017). Cultural factors in responses to rhythmic stimuli. In J. R. Evans & R. Turner (Eds.), Rhythmic stimulation procedures in neuromodulation (pp. 279–306). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803726-3.00011-5
Zanto, T. P., Johnson, V., Ostrand, A. E., & Gazzaley, A. (2022). How musical rhythm training improves short-term memory for faces. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(41), e2201655119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2201655119
Zendel, B. R., West, G. L., Belleville, S., & Peretz, I. (2019). Musical training improves the ability to understand speech-in-noise in older adults. Neurobiology of Ageing, 81, 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.015